At this stage of very low technological development we can imagine the presence of a naturalized human, who listened to nature, was afraid of its fury and worshipped it.ĭeterminism is also known as environmental determinism or environmentalism. This type of interaction between the primitive human society and the strong forces of nature was termed as ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM. This is so because the level of technology was low and the stage of human social development was also primitive. In early stages of human interaction with the natural environment humans were greatly influenced by it. NATURALIZATION OF HUMANS AND HUMANIZATION OF NATURE While physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings, it has also in turn impacted human lives. (Importance Of Economics in shaping culture)Ĭultural Determinism don’t explain the differences in various cultures on the basis of environment.Human Geography studies the inter relationship between the physical environment and socio-cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other.
#ENVIRONMENTAL POSSIBILISM PROBABILISM AND DETERMINISM PDF SERIES#
It consists of a series of ethical principles that are said to undergird a properly functioning society.”Ĭlass Structure has been ignored.
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įrancis Fukuyama said, “The important variable is not industrial policy per se but culture.” As for the role of Confucian ethics, Fukuyama wrote, “Confucianism has defined the character of social relations within the Chinese society over the last two and a half millennia. George Carter Thought plays a primary function in the change of a landscape. Which possibility will become real depends on the cultural characteristics of the society and the stage of technological progress of that particular society. Cultural or Social Determinism: Ĭertain American scholars advocated the philosophy of Cultural or Social Determinism, according to which environment is essentially neutral, its role being dependent on the stage of technology, type of culture and other characteristics of a changing society. The environment offered many possible options, but only one of them became a reality. humans and the environment are interrelated and interconnected and through their technical knowledge, human society takes advantage of some of the options available in the environment. Human actions are a joint reaction in the context of the natural environment that communicates with the technological advancement of society i.e. Probabilism held the view that although the physical environment does not determine human actions at all, it significantly influences human actions so that some reactions are more likely than others. (Houses in High Rainfall Region, Petroleum In North Pole Region, Agriculture In Low Rainfall Region) Probabilism That is, although humans have few options for choice, but due to their environmental conditions, man gives some options more importance than others. Spate’s probabilistic concept held that people had freedom to make choices but argued that this election was highly constrained, and that the environment made some human reactions more probable than others. Spate, which is a middle path between the fighting schools (ideologies) of environmental determinism and possibilism. He argued that the extent of development of agricultural settlements in Australia is determined by factors of the physical environment such as distribution of rainfall, etc. He was of the view that man plays a very important role in the selection of possibilities in an environment (choice of one of the available options) but man is not an independent agent (nature also has an influence on the decision of man). Nature is like a traffic controller of big cities which changes the rate of speed and not the direction of progress.
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Taylor wrote in his book ‘Australia’ that “man is capable of slowing down or stopping the progress of the country’s development.” But if he is intelligent then he should not ignore the direction shown by the natural environment. He said that the best economic program for a country to follow is determined by nature, and it is the geographer’s duty to explain this program. Neo DeterminismĮllsworth Huntington stressed the importance of climate and considered climate to be an important environmental factor and he developed the ‘optimal climate theory’ for the development of human civilization.Īs a reaction to possibilism, he formulated his ‘Stop and Go Determinism’ (1951).
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Cultural Determinism mainly focuses on the point that how culture controls Human Life. Probabilism is a theory propounded by O.H.K Spate. Neo Determinism also known as Stop And Go Determinism was propounded By Griffith Taylor.